Vol. 1 No. 3 (2025): Socrates: Journal of Education, Philosophy and Psychology

The importance of father involvement in child care has become a topic that is often researched, both internationally and in Indonesia. However, in Indonesia, the role of fathers in child care is still not optimal. active that involves physical, affective and cognitive. This article was written using the literature study method. This research shows that the presence of fathers in children's lives has a significant role, especially in children's social development. Fathers, as part of the family, are expected not only to be breadwinners but also to contribute actively in parenting to create optimal child development. Father's involvement in raising children has a significant impact on three main domains, namely cognitive, affective and behavioral. supervising, being involved in the child's development process, being a provider of needs, showing affection, protecting, providing emotional support, carrying out responsibilities, nurturing, caring for children, sharing pleasant moments, being present when needed, making plans, and participating in various activities together.

The aim of this research is to determine parents' permissive parenting patterns on early childhood character development. Parents are the main source of education and an important model who plays a role in a child's growth and development. There are several important aspects that must be considered as goals for achieving child development. This can be achieved if parents implement appropriate parenting patterns for the child's growth and development. Parenting style can be interpreted as a way of implementing it in guiding, directing and even managing a child's growth and development. Appropriate and appropriate parenting patterns will definitely stimulate children's development well and optimally. Therefore, the researcher intends to find out the impact of permissive parenting on the development of children's character by parents. Through the permissive parenting style carried out by parents, it has an impact on development child is that children never learn to control their own behavior and always expect to get their way.

Marriage is a sacred bond that unites two individuals in love, and in Islamic teachings is seen as a lifelong commitment. However, separation in a household is often a difficult reality to accept, impacting not only the couple but also their children. For families, divorce is a difficult test that can affect harmony. When children are in the midst of parental conflict that leads to separation, the impact on their development becomes a matter of concern. Divorce is a situation in which a married couple decides to live separately for various reasons. This study aims to identify the psychological impact experienced by children due to parental divorce. This study was conducted through a literature review analyzing 10 scientific journals discussing the effects of divorce on child psychology. The results show that divorce can trigger psychological disorders such as anxiety, feelings of insecurity, and depression in children. Furthermore, the impact on cognitive aspects is evident in decreased concentration in learning and others.

The role of parents is very crucial in developing emotional intelligence in early childhood, especially in the golden period of child development (0-6 years). Emotional intelligence includes the ability to recognize, manage emotions, empathize, and build healthy social relationships. This intelligence does not develop naturally, but requires consistent parenting, guidance and education. Parents, especially mothers, play a role as the main educators in shaping children's personality, behavior and social-emotional competencies through positive interactions and providing good role models. . Support for children's creativity, independence and communication is the main factor in this process. Children with good emotional intelligence will grow into confident individuals, able to resolve conflicts, and have strong social skills. This research emphasizes the importance of parental strategies in building emotional intelligence in early childhood to support their short-term and long-term success.

The family is a crucial environment for a child's education. The role of parents, especially fathers, is crucial in supporting a child's academic achievement. Fatherlessness can negatively impact a child's psychological and academic development. The article found that fatherlessness has a significant negative impact on adolescents' academic achievement. Children experiencing fatherlessness exhibit poorer cognitive performance, lower test scores, and lower school attendance. Fatherlessness can have a detrimental impact on adolescents' academic achievement. Comprehensive interventions are needed to address the impact of fatherlessness and support children in achieving their academic potential.